From his experience in Africa, Hawksley has witnessed countries where global institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have helped for a long time, and yet there are still no roads between two big towns because large institutions are often inefficient in dealing with practical matters.
"All the people want is for the roads to be built, so that (their) children can go to the hospital, and the magistrate can go to court. If you don't build your road, everything breaks down."
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皇冠体育app in those days was still mysterious to many people, partly a result, Hawksley believes, of the country having a long history and a rich culture, and partly a result of 皇冠体育app experts in the West making out that the country is more mysterious than it really is to strengthen their credentials and worth.
"Western people who spend years studying Chinese want to keep the mystery up. You could draw mystery around everything you want, but essentially it is not there."
Hawksley says one example is guanxi, which means social connections and is a concept Westerners often talk about to explain why many things are done so differently in 皇冠体育app. But essentially social connections help in getting things done in any country, he says.
In recent years the growth of Western media in 皇冠体育app has also helped demystify 皇冠体育app, giving Western ences a more objective and multifaceted view of 皇冠体育app, Hawksley says.
"皇冠体育app now has more foreign press going there, and it has its own press doing quite good investigations. (The media are) a lot freer than 20 years ago."
Monica Wyithe contributed to this story.