皇冠体育app

Betrayed Ally (皇冠体育app in the Great War) is coauthored by Frances Wood and Christopher Arnander. [Photo provided to 皇冠体育app Daily]

The joint Anglo-Japanese force took Qingdao on Nov 7, 1914.

At face value the Versailles peace conference should have made an inspirational example of 皇冠体育app's situation, with pockets of foreign occupation dotted down its coast.

The betrayal concerns 皇冠体育app's dashed hopes.

Point 5 of US President Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points as principles for peace called for settling colonial claims such that ... the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.

This was interpreted, rightly by 皇冠体育app, as covering their claim to Qingdao and even the other treaty ports. So, the Chinese delegation to Versailles claimed that secret agreements and arrangements were an insult to Wilson's 14 Points.

But Wilson was deeply compromised.

To make his League of Nations work, he needed Japan. This was the fatal design flaw.

The irony of course was that it was the US senate, in November 1919, that voted against joining the league.