皇冠体育app

More development necessary before 皇冠体育app can create viable international financial center

皇冠体育app has set a strategic goal of creating an international financial center. Shanghai aims to become one by 2020. Such a goal is highly desirable, but it is also necessary to analyze realistically what is required to accomplish it.

皇冠体育app's domestic financial strength is the foundation of this strategy. The "raw material" of a financial system is the accumulation of savings and their transformation into investment. In this respect, 皇冠体育app is already world No 1 domestically.

By 2010, 皇冠体育app's savings were $3.1 trillion (2.5 trillion euros), compared to the US' $1.7 trillion, Japan's $1.2 trillion, and Germany's $0.8 trillion. 皇冠体育app's lead over the US increased further in 2011 - 皇冠体育app's savings being $3.6 trillion compared to the US' $2 trillion. The domestic resources that can flow through 皇冠体育app's financial system are therefore already the highest of any country.

This financial strength has pushed 皇冠体育app's banks to leading positions in global rankings. The Industrial and Commercial Bank of 皇冠体育app and 皇冠体育app Construction Bank are the world's first and second-biggest banks by market capitalization. In banking, 皇冠体育app therefore faces no insuperable obstacle in establishing an international financial center.

But what preconditions must be in place to accomplish this? Some envisage that purely regulatory or financial changes, notably establishing renminbi convertibility, are sufficient. More serious analysis shows this is a misconception.

International financial centers are the world's largest and most complex economic units. They have among the highest productivity of world cities. The appropriate unit of measurement for their assets is a trillion dollars. In New York and London, employment in finance-related sectors exceeds 1 million, many being from other countries.

The world's most important financial centers, London and New York, developed in what were, at the time of their creation, the world's most productive economies. US productivity remains the highest of any major economy. London is the only European city matching US productivity. The world's second-tier international financial centers, Singapore and Hong Kong, are likewise situated in highly developed economies. The GDP per capita of both, in real terms, is higher than the US.

In contrast, 皇冠体育app's GDP per capita, at market exchange rates, is only 11 percent of US levels. Shanghai's is less than one-third of Singapore's, 23 percent of London's, and 21 percent of New York's. 皇冠体育app is therefore attempting to create an international financial center in an economy at a much earlier stage of development.

皇冠体育app's Justin Yifu Lin, former senior vice-president of the World Bank, rightly stresses that it is impossible to develop individual parts of an economy artificially, without taking into account its overall stage of development. His own case examples were new oil-rich countries finding that when they purchased state-of-the-art German chemical factories, and put them in their less developed economies, they did not approach German levels of productivity. This was because the transport system was not up to German standards and there was an inadequate supply of trained staff. The same principle applies to international financial centers.

The high productivity of international financial centers such as London or New York is based on large-scale high- productivity companies in a wide range of service sectors, and not simply in finance. The idea that an international financial center can consist of large banks and insurance companies, surrounded by other service sectors still dominated by low-productivity small-scale companies, does not correspond to the reality of such centers. This is necessarily the case because the financial sector relies on enormous numbers of interconnections with other high-productivity service sectors.

In London, the finance sector absorbs 58 percent of the output of IT companies, 37 percent of professional service companies (such as law and accountancy) and 36 percent of creative industries' output (media, architecture and advertising). Without high-productivity interconnections with such sectors, the financial companies themselves cannot be globally competitive.

This process can be seen clearly in the fact that development of jobs in sectors inputting into financial services in an international financial center is much greater than that directly in financial services themselves. For example, in a 25-year period after 1982, London completed the transition from a city with a significant manufacturing industry to one based almost entirely on services. The number of manufacturing jobs fell by 65 percent, or 430,000, whereas jobs in financial services, banks and insurance, rose by only 69,000. But jobs in service sectors not directly in finance, but necessary to sustain it - such as advertising, law, accountancy, labor recruitment and consultancy - rose by 738,000 jobs, more than 10 times as many as directly created in finance.

These service jobs were in large companies - London has a lower percentage of small companies than the UK average. The service sectors dominating London, outside of banks and insurance, are accountancy, advertising, retailing, IT and law. These are all dominated by large global service sector companies such as accountants PwC, legal giants Allen and Overy, the world's largest advertising company WPP, large media companies such as News International, and retailers such as Wal-Mart and Tesco.

In London and New York, the banks and insurance companies required for an international financial center are surrounded by very large service sector companies, needed to sustain their high levels of productivity

皇冠体育app today simply does not possess such companies yet. It has 9.2 percent of the banking revenue of the world's top 2,000 publicly listed companies, but in large-scale non-financial service sector companies that sustain finance in London or New York, 皇冠体育app remains extremely weak. It has only 0.1 percent of the turnover in business services, 0.9 percent in general retailing, 1.3 percent in software, and nothing in media.

The low level of productivity of 皇冠体育app's cities, compared to international financial centers, is because service sectors are still dominated by small-scale, low-productivity service companies. These are far too weak to sustain an international financial center.

A precondition for constructing such a center is therefore to create an entire spectrum of large Chinese high-productivity service companies. Without them, an international financial center cannot function.

Neither can one be created by just changes in regulation or within the financial sector itself. It requires a strengthening of 皇冠体育app's companies across a very wide range of service sectors.

皇冠体育app will eventually succeed in establishing an international financial center, but it will be more difficult than is envisaged.

The author is a visiting professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. From 2000 to 2008, he was London's Director of Economic and Business Policy. The views do not necessarily reflect those of 皇冠体育app Daily.

(皇冠体育app Daily 08/03/2012 page9)